Open Access Journal Article

Shred Central: Estimating the user benefits associated with large public skateparks

by Thomas Kemp a,* orcid
a
Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, US
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 3 February 2024 / Accepted: 6 April 2024 / Published Online: 7 May 2024

Abstract

Skateparks, often called 'wheel parks,' are becoming increasingly common within communities worldwide. Despite this growth in parks, estimates show that the development of parks needs to catch up to users. Using a count data travel cost model, we estimate the adult user benefits associated with the Lauridsen Skatepark in Des Moines, Iowa – the largest in the United States. We estimate adult user benefits to be $61 per user per day and roughly $488,000 annually. This work contributes to the literature by being the first study to use econometric techniques to estimate skatepark user benefits. Second, we develop a simple and easy-to-apply method to assist municipalities in determining community skatepark needs. Third, our results support the literature showing that skateboarders are increasingly diverse.


Copyright: © 2024 by Kemp. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Funding

The Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire (xxxxxx)

Share and Cite

ACS Style
Kemp, T. Shred Central: Estimating the user benefits associated with large public skateparks. Journal of Economic Analysis, 2024, 90. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea04010004
AMA Style
Kemp T. Shred Central: Estimating the user benefits associated with large public skateparks. Journal of Economic Analysis; 2024:90. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea04010004
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kemp, Thomas 2024. "Shred Central: Estimating the user benefits associated with large public skateparks" Journal of Economic Analysis:90. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea04010004
APA style
Kemp, T. (2024). Shred Central: Estimating the user benefits associated with large public skateparks. Journal of Economic Analysis, 90. https://doi.org/10.58567/jea04010004

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

References

  1. American Automobile Association (AAA). (2023, Apr. 11). 2022 AAA vehicle operation costs. https://newsroom.aaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022-YourDrivingCosts-FactSheet-7-1.pdf
  2. Alessandro, P., De Meo, I., Grilli, G., & Notaro, S. (2023). Valuing nature-based recreation in forest areas in Italy: An application of Travel Cost Method (TCM). Journal of Leisure Research, 54(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2022.2115328
  3. Atencio, M., & Beal, B. (2015). The ‘legitimate' skateboarder: Politics of private–public skateboarding spaces. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 108-120). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-16
  4. Atencio, Matthew, Beal, B., Wright, E. M., & McClain, Z. (2018). Moving Boarders : Skateboarding and the Changing Landscape of Urban Youth Sports. University of Arkansas Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv7vcss3.3
  5. Attoma-Mathews, A. (2019). When the horizontal goes vertical or how skateboarding redefines the urban environment. Streetnotes. 26, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.5070/s5261043394
  6. Balma, L. (2015). Tracker: Forty years of skateboard history. Foundry Press.
  7. Beal, B. (1992). The subculture of skateboarding: Beyond social resistance. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12(3), 252–267.
  8. Beal, B. (1995). Disqualifying the official: An exploration of social resistance through the subculture of skateboarding. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12(3), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.3.252
  9. Beal, B. (1999). Skateboarding: an alternative to mainstream sports. Inside sports., 139-145. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203980705-26
  10. Blakely, B. (2023). Look how much Joy Skateboarding brings this 54-year-old enthusiast. Transworld Skateboarding. https://www.skateboarding.com/trending-news/look-how-much-joy-skateboarding-brings-this-54-year-old-enthusiast
  11. Borden, I. (2015). Southbank skateboarding, London, and urban culture: the Undercroft, Hungerford Bridge, and House of Vans. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 91-107). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-15
  12. Borden, I. (2019). Skateboarding and the city: A complete history. Bloomsbury Visual Arts. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781474208420
  13. Breen, B., Curtis, J., & Hynes, S. (2018). Water quality and recreational use of public waterways. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2017.1335241
  14. Burt, O. R., & Brewer, D. (1971). Estimation of net social benefits from outdoor recreation. Econometrica, 39(5), 813. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909581
  15. Bäckström, Å., & Nairn, K. (2018). Skateboarding beyond the limits of gender? Strategic interventions in Sweden. Leisure Studies, 37(4), 424-439.
  16. Bäckström, Å., & Sand, A.-L. (2019). Imagining and making material encounters: Skateboarding, emplacement, and spatial desire. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 43(2), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2018.1462397
  17. Carr, J. (2010). Legal geographies—skating around the edges of the law: Urban skateboarding and the role of law in determining young peoples’ place in the city. Urban Geography, 31(7), 988–1003. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.31.7.988
  18. Carson, R. T., & Martin, K. M. (1991). Measuring the benefits of freshwater quality changes: Techniques and empirical findings. In A. Dinar & D. Zilberman (Eds.) The Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture (pp. 389-410). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4028-1_20
  19. Clayworth, J. (2023, Feb 7). Lauridsen Skatepark parking would relocate dog park. Axios.com https://www.axios.com/local/des-moines/2023/02/28/lauridsen-skatepark-relocate-desmoines-dog-park
  20. Deacon, R. T., & Kolstad, C. D. (2000). Valuing beach recreation lost in environmental accidents. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 126(6), 374-381. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2000)126:6(374)
  21. Dickinson, S., Millie, A., & Peters, E. (2022). Street skateboarding and the aesthetic order of public spaces. The British Journal of Criminology, 62(6), 1454-1469. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab109
  22. Dupont, T. (2014). From core to consumer. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 43(5), 556–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241613513033
  23. Englin, J., & Shonkwiler, J. S. (1995). Estimating social welfare using count data models: An application to long-run recreation demand under conditions of endogenous stratification and truncation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 77(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109996
  24. Farrell, J. (2010, Jan 8). Skateboard seniority: There are advantages to growing . . . older. The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  25. Fix, P., & Loomis, J. (1997). The economic benefits of mountain biking at one of its Meccas: An application of the travel cost method to mountain biking in Moab, Utah. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 342–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949800
  26. Gazeres, R. (2023). Challenging neoliberal sport: Skateboarding as a resilient cultural practice. Geography Compass, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12671
  27. Glenney, B., & Mull, S. (2018). Skateboarding and the ecology of urban space. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(6), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518800525
  28. Goldenberg, M., & Shooter, W. (2009). Skateboard Park Participation: A means-end analysis. Journal of Youth Development, 4(4), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2009.240
  29. Govigli, M.V., Górriz-Mifsud, E., & Varela, E. (2019). Zonal travel cost approaches to assess recreational wild mushroom picking value: Trade-offs between online and Onsite Data Collection Strategies. Forest Policy and Economics, 102, 51–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.02.003
  30. Haab, T. C., & McConnell, K. E. (2002). New directions in non-market valuation: Valuing environmental and natural resources. Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781843765431
  31. Hanauer, M. M., & Reid, J. (2017). Valuing urban open space using the travel-cost method and the implications of measurement error. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.005
  32. Hellerstein, D., & Mendelsohn, R. (1993). A theoretical foundation for Count Data models. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(3), 604–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243567
  33. Holt, B. (2021, Jul. 28). Pandemic Relief: An R.V. and Skateboards. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/us/politics/covid-poverty-aid-programs.html
  34. Hotelling, H. (1947) Letter cited in the economics of public recreation: An economic study of the
  35. monetary evaluation of recreation in the national parks. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Park Service.
  36. Howell, Ocean. (2005). The “creative class” and the gentrifying city. Journal of Architectural Education, 59(2), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1531-314x.2005.00014.x
  37. Jones, S., & Graves, A. (2000). Power plays in public space: Skateboard Parks as Battlegrounds, gifts, and expressions of self. Landscape Journal, 19(1–2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.19.1-2.136
  38. Kemp, Thomas A. (2024). Weak Sauce: Authenticity, selling out, and the skateboard industry: A study in community resiliency. Journal of Economics Issues, 58(2), 572-579.
  39. Larsen, R., Taylor, R. G., McKean, J. R., & Johnson, D. M. (2020). Willingness-to-pay for snowmobile recreation: Travel cost method models with and without post-season resurvey of trip count. Applied Economics, 52(20), 2178–2190. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1686112
  40. Leisner, M., & Pereira de Paula, D. (2021). Social and recreational value of waves: Application of the zonal travel cost method with surfers from Icaraí Beach (Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil). Ateliê Geográfico, 15(1), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.5216/ag.v15i1.66540
  41. Li, C. (2022). Cultural Continuities and skateboarding in transition: In the case of China’s skateboarding culture and industry. Young, 30(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/11033088221081941
  42. Lombard, K. J. (Ed.). (2015). Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577
  43. Lombard, Kara-Jane (2016). Trucks, tricks, and technologies of government: analyzing the productive encounter between governance and resistance in skateboarding. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 169-181). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-21
  44. MacKay, S., & Dallaire, C. (2012). Skateboarding women. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 38(6), 548–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723512467357
  45. Mandziuk, A., Parzych, S., & Studnicki, M. (2020). Benefits of recreation in the “nad tanwią” Nature reserve determined by the travel cost method. Baltic Forestry, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.46490/bf407
  46. Mendes, I., & Proença, I. (2011). Measuring the social recreation per-day net benefit of the wildlife amenities of a National Park: A count-data travel-cost approach. Environmental Management, 48(5), 920–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9733-1
  47. Mukanjari, S., Muchapondwa, E., & Demeke, E. (2021). Recreation demand and pricing policy for international tourists in developing countries: Evidence from South Africa. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(3), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1853609
  48. Mulwa, R., Kabubo-Mariara, J., & Nyangena, W. (2018). Recreational value and optimal pricing of national parks: lessons from Maasai Mara in Kenya. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 7(2), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2017.1391716
  49. Odanaka, B. (2014, Jan. 17). Middle-aged skateboarders defy family skeptics, and falls. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2014-jan-17-la-he-old-skaters-20140118-story.html
  50. Orpana, S. (2016). Steep Transitions: Spatial-temporal incorporation, Beasley Skate Park, and subcultural politics in the gentrifying city. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 152–168). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-11
  51. O’Connor, P. (2016a). Skateboard philanthropy: inclusion and prefigurative politics. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 30–43). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-10
  52. O’Connor, P. (2016b). Skateboarding, helmets, and control. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40(6), 477–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723516673408
  53. O’Connor, P. (2018a). Beyond the youth culture: Understanding middle-aged skateboarders through temporal capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(8), 924–943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217691780
  54. O’Connor, P. (2018b). Handrails, steps and curbs: Sacred places and secular pilgrimage in skateboarding. Sport in Society, 21(11), 1651–1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1390567
  55. O’Connor, P. (2018c). Hong Kong skateboarding and network capital. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(6), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723518797040
  56. Public Skatepark Development Guide. (2024, Apr. 3). How much do skateparks cost? Public Skatepark Guide. https://publicskateparkguide.org/fundraising/how-much-do-skateparks-cost/.
  57. Shaw, D. (1988). On-site samples' regression: Problems of non-negative integers, truncation, and endogenous stratification. Journal of Econometrics, 37(2), 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90003-6
  58. Silva, S. F., & Ferreira, J. C. (2014). The social and economic value of waves: An analysis of Costa de Caparica, Portugal. Ocean & Coastal Management, 102, 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.012
  59. Snyder, G. J. (2017). Skateboarding LA. NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814769867.003.0002
  60. Sparks, H. (2022, Jan. 5). Depressed in midlife? Try Skateboarding, study suggests. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2022/01/04/depressed-in-midlife-try-skateboarding-study-suggests/
  61. Sport Venue Calculator. (2024, Apr. 3). What influences tennis court construction costs? Sports Venue Calculator. https://sportsvenuecalculator.com/knowledge/tennis-court/how-much-does-tennis-court-cost-to-install/
  62. The Skate Park Project. (2023, Mar. 27). Best Practices Guide. The Skatepark Project https://skatepark.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Best-Practices-Guide-4.0.pdf.
  63. Statista.com. (2023, Nov. 6). Participants in skateboarding in the U.S. https://www.statista.com/statistics/191308/participants-in-skateboarding-in-the-us-since-2006/
  64. Vivoni, F. (2009). Spots of spatial desire. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 33(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723509332580
  65. Vivoni, F. (2013). Waxing ledges: Built environments, alternative sustainability, and the Chicago Skateboarding scene. Local Environment, 18(3), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.714761
  66. Vivoni, F., & Folsom-Fraster, J. (2021). Crafting cities for all: qualitative inquiry of the street and the spatial practice of skateboarding. Cultural Studies↔ Critical Methodologies, 21(4), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/15327086211004879
  67. Warin, R. (2018). Long live southbank: Skateboarding, citizenship and the city. The Journal of Public Space, 3(3), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v3i3.1138
  68. Weller, S. (2006). Skateboarding alone? making social capital discourse relevant to teenagers’ lives. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(5), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600805705
  69. Weyland, J. (2002). The answer is never: A Skateboarder’s history of the world. Grove Press.
  70. Willing, I, Shearer, S., & Lombard, K. J. (2016). Skateboarding Activism: exploring diverse voice and community support. In K. Lombard (Ed.) Skateboarding: Subcultures, sites and shifts (pp. 44–56). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737577-11
  71. Willing, I., Bennett, A., Piispa, M., & Green, B. (2019). Skateboarding and the ‘tired generation’: Ageing in youth cultures and Lifestyle Sports. Sociology, 53(3), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518776886
  72. Wood, L., Carter, M., & Martin, K. (2014). Dispelling stereotypes… skate parks as a setting for pro-social behavior among young people. Current Urban Studies, 02(01), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2014.21007
  73. Woolley, H., & Johns, R. (2001). Skateboarding: The city as a Playground. Journal of Urban Design, 6(2), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800123937
  74. Zhang, F., Wang, X. H., Nunes, P. A., & Ma, C. (2015). The recreational value of gold coast beaches, Australia: An application of the travel cost method. Ecosystem Services, 11, 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.09.001