In the dynamic landscape of exponential growth in the games industry, crowdfunding has emerged as an important funding method for indie games. Previous research has provided inconsistent results on the factors behind its success. This study closes this gap by examining which factors influence success and how success factors vary with different definitions of success and funding goals. The results show that caution is needed when interpreting the results as they depend on model specifications even within the same dataset. Furthermore, the study proposes a framework, supported by an empirical analysis of 1,967 campaigns, to increase the probability of crowdfunding success.
Wille, N. What Determines the Success of Video Game Crowdfunding Campaigns? The Role of Different Success Definitions and Funding Goals. Financial Economics Letters, 2024, 3, 38. https://doi.org/10.58567/fel03040003
AMA Style
Wille N. What Determines the Success of Video Game Crowdfunding Campaigns? The Role of Different Success Definitions and Funding Goals. Financial Economics Letters; 2024, 3(4):38. https://doi.org/10.58567/fel03040003
Chicago/Turabian Style
Wille, Nico 2024. "What Determines the Success of Video Game Crowdfunding Campaigns? The Role of Different Success Definitions and Funding Goals" Financial Economics Letters 3, no.4:38. https://doi.org/10.58567/fel03040003
APA style
Wille, N. (2024). What Determines the Success of Video Game Crowdfunding Campaigns? The Role of Different Success Definitions and Funding Goals. Financial Economics Letters, 3(4), 38. https://doi.org/10.58567/fel03040003
Article Metrics
Article Access Statistics
References
Achleitner, A. K., Braun, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial Finance. In: Faltin, G. (eds) Handbuch Entrepreneurship. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05263-8_8-1
Ahlers, G. K., Cumming, D., Schweizer, D., and Günther, C. (2015). Signaling in Equity Crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(4), pp. 955-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12157
Andersen, E., and Philipsen, K. (1998). The evolution of credence goods in customer markets: exchanging 'pigs in pokes. Mimeo. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168866121
Arakji, R. Y., and Lang, K. R. (2007). Digital Consumer Networks and Producer-Consumer Collaboration: Innovation and Product Development in the Video Game Industry. Journal of Management Information Systems. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1029042
Backhaus, K., Erichson, B., Plinke, W., and Weiber, R. (2015). Multivariate Analysemethoden: Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung. Heidelberg: Springer Gabler. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-46076-4
Baddeley, M. (2010). Herding, social influence and economic decision-making: socio-psychological and neuroscientific analyses. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B Biological Science, 365(1538), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0169
Barlett, C. A., and Ghoshal, S. (2002). Building Competitive Advantage through People. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43, 34-41. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150417874
Baron, R. S., Vandello, J. A., and Brunsman, B. (1996). The forgotten variable in conformity research: Impact of task importance on social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(5), 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.915
Baumgarth, C., Evanschitzky, H. (2009). Erfolgsfaktorenforschung. In: Baumgarth, C., Eisend, M., Evanschitzky, H. (eds) Empirische Mastertechniken. Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8278-0_8
Beier, M., and Wagner, K. (2014). Crowdfunding Success of Tourism Projects - Evidence from Switzerland. SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2520925
Beier, M., and Wagner, K. (2015). Das Verhalten von Nutzern in Crowdfunding-Kampagnen - Herding und Social Proof (User Behaviour in Crowdfunding Campaigns - Herding and Social Proof). SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2654765
Beier, M., Früh, S., and Wagner, K. (2014). Crowdfunding für Unternehmen - Plattformen, Projekte und Erfolgsfaktoren in der Schweiz. Forschungsbericht HTW Chur. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2430147
Bellan, J. (2018). 5 Herangehensweisen, die optimale Videolänge zu bestimmen. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from pictima: https://www.pictima.de/blog/5-herangehensweisen-die-optimale-videolaenge-zu-bestimmen
Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., and Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003
Belleflamme, P., Omrani, N., and Peitz, M. (2015). The economics of crowdfunding platforms. Information Economics and Policy, 33, 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.08.003
Belobaba, P. P. (2009). Fundamentals of Pricing and Revenue Management. In P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, & C. Barnhart, The Global Airline Industry. Chichester: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470744734.ch4
Bidaux, T. (2022). Kickstarter & Games in 2021. Retrieved June 06, 2024, from Medium: https://medium.com/icopartners/kickstarter-in-2021-for-games-6694a7c826dc
Bischof, F. (2015). Erfolgsfaktoren für das Crowdfunding von Musikprojekten. Hochschule Offenburg. https://opus.hs-offenburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1126
Block, J., Hornuf, L., and Moritz, A. (2018). Which updates during an equity crowdfunding campaign increase crowd participation? Small Business Economics, 50, 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9876-4
Blow, J. (2004). Game Development: Harder Than You Think: Ten or twenty years ago it was all fun and games. Now it’s blood, sweat, and code. Association for Computing Machinery, 1(10), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1145/971564.971590
Bogusz, C. I. (2019). Crowdfunding across research fields: an overview and suggestions for future investigation. In H. Landström, A. Parhankangas, & C. Mason, Handbook of Research on Crowdfunding (pp. 23-45). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788117210
Borello, G., De Crescenzo, V., and Pichler, F. (2019). Factors for success in European crowdinvesting. Journal of Economics and Business, 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2019.05.002
Bouncken, R. B., Komorek, M., and Kraus, S. (2015). Crowdfunding: The current state of research. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 14(3), 407-416. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i3.9206
Brown, T. E., Boon, E., and Pitt, L. F. (2017). Seeking funding in order to sell: Crowdfunding as a marketing tool. Business Horizons, 60(2), 189-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.11.004
Cai, W., Polzin, F., and Stam, E. (2021). Crowdfunding and social capital: A systematic review using a dynamic perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120412
Cha, J. (2017). Crowdfunding for Video Games: Factors that Influence the Success of and Capital Pledged for Campaigns. International Journal on Media Management, 19(3), 240-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2017.1331236
Cha, J. (2019). Legitimacy of Crowdfunding: How Legitimacy Influences Performance of Crowdfunding Campaigns for Video Games. Journal of Media Management and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.4018/JMME.2019070103
Clarke, M. J., and Wang, C. (2020). Indie Games in the Digital Age (1st Edition ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/indie-games-in-the-digital-age-9781501356445/
Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., and Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310388419
Cribari-Neto, F., Oliveira, W. A., and Ferrari, S. L. (2005). Numerical evaluation of tests based on different heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 75, 611-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949650410001729427
Cumming D., Deloof, M., Manigart, S., and Wright, M. (2019a). New directions in entrepreneurial finance, Journal of Banking & Finance, 100, 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.02.008
Cumming, D. J., Leboeuf, G., and Schwienbacher, A. (2019b). Crowdfunding models: Keep-It-All vs. All-Or-Nothing. Financial Management, 49(2), 331-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/fima.12262
Daft, R. L., and Lengel, R. H. (1986). Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design. Management Science, 32(5), 554-571. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2631846
Daft, R. L., and Wiginton, J. C. (1979). Language and Organization. The Academy of Management Review, 4(2), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.2307/257772
Davies, W. E., and Giovanetti, E. (2018). Signalling experience & reciprocity to temper asymmetric information in crowdfunding evidence from 10,000 projects. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 133, 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.011
Deng, L., Ye, Q., Xu, D., and Sun, W. (2022). A literature review and integrated framework for the determinants of crowdfunding success. Financial Innovation, 8(41). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-022-00345-6
Denis, D. J. (2004). Entrepreneurial finance: an overview of the issues and evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance, 10(2), 301-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1199(03)00059-2
dos Reis, J. B. (2015). Crowdfunding: What Factors Influence your Success? ISCTE Business School. https://repositorio.iscte-iul.pt/handle/10071/11340
Dresner, S. (2014). Crowdfunding: A Guide to Raising Capital on the Internet. Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Crowdfunding%3A+A+Guide+to+Raising+Capital+on+the+Internet-p-9781118746868
Duan, Y., Hsieh, T-S., Wang, R. R., and Wang, Z. (2020). Entrepreneurs' facial trustworthiness, gender, and crowdfunding success. Journal of Corporate Finance, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101693
Dushnitsky, G. and Zunino, D. (2018). The Role of Crowdfunding in Entrepreneurial Finance Handbook of Research on Crowdfunding, Forthcoming. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3237356
Fabricatore, C. (2007). Gameplay and game mechanics design: a key to quality in videogames. Conference Paper. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1125.4167
Feller, J., Gleasure, R., and Treacy, S. (2015). From the Wisdom to the Wealth of Crowds: A Metatriangulation of Crowdfunding Research. TOTO Research Project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303923667_From_the_wisdom_to_the_wealth_of_crowds_A_metatriangulation_of_crowdfunding_research
Ford, G. T., Smith, D. B., and Swasy, J. L. (1990). Consumer Skepticism of Advertising Claims: Testing Hypotheses from Economics of Information. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(4), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1086/209228
Geensen, P. (2019). Is there life after Kickstarter? An Empirical and Descriptive analysis of the outcomes of video game crowdfunding campaigns on Kickstarter.com. Erasmus University Rotterdam. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/49343/Geensen-Philippe.pdf
Gierczak, M. M., Bretschneider, U., Haas, P., Blohm, I., and Leimeister, J. M. (2016). Crowdfunding: Outlining the New Era of Fundraising. In D. Brüntje, and O. Gajda, Crowdfunding in Europe: State of the Art in Theory and Practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18017-5_2
Glenberg, A. M., and Langston, W. E. (1992). Comprehension of illustrated text: Pictures help to build mental models. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(2), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90008-L
Goldin, C. (2016). Human Capital. In C. Diebolt, and M. Haupert, Handbook of Cliometrics (pp. 55-86). Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40406-1_23
Gulati, R., and Higgins, M. C. (2003). Which Ties Matter When? The Contingent Effects of Interorganizational Partnerships on IPO Success. Strategic Management Journal, 24(2), 127-144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20060517
Günther, E., and Riethmüller, T. (2020). Einführung in das Crowdfunding: Formen, Anwendungsbereiche, Erfolgsfaktoren, rechtlicher Rahmen. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14590-3
Guo, Y., Zhu, M., and Li, A. (2019). Factor analysis and prediction of crowdfunding project funding ratio: an empirical study based on Zhongchou Wang in China. Procedia Computer Science, 162, 458-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.011
Gust, M. (2016). Crowdfunding als Alternative zur klassischen Kreditfinanzierung anhand des Beispiels „Wie Männer über Frauen reden". University of Applied Sciences Mittweida. https://monami.hs-mittweida.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2017/docId/7220
Haenecke, H. (2002). Methodenorientierte Systematisierung der Kritik an der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung. Journal of business economics, 72(2), 165-183. https://www.econbiz.de/Record/methodenorientierte-systematisierung-der-kritik-an-der-erfolgsfaktorenforschung-haenecke-henrik/10001645903
Han, L., Tian, L., and Mi, B. (2020). Information asymmetries and entrepreneurial finance: evidence from theories and empirics. Handbook of quantitative research methods in entrepreneurship. - Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, ISBN 978-1-78643-096-0. - 2020, pp. 278-305. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786430960.00017
Harzer, A. (2011). Erfolgsfaktoren von Crowdfunding-Projekten. In tyclipso.me: (Ed.), Das co:funding Handbuch (1 ed., pp. 10-13). Dresden.
Harzer, A. (2013). Erfolgsfaktoren im Crowdfunding. Ilmenau: Universitätsverlag Ilmenau. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:ilm1-2012100176
Hayes, A. F., and Cai, L. (2007). Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: An introduction and software implementation. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 709-722. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192961
Heyduck, M., and Engelen, M. (2021). Erfolgsfaktoren von Crowdfunding als alternative Finanzierungsform in der Produktentwicklung. Technische Hochschule Köln. https://epb.bibl.th-koeln.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2021/docId/1643
Hitt, M. A., and Duane, R. (2002). The essence of strategic leadership: Managing human and social capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190200900101
Hobbs, J., Grigore, G. and Molesworth, M. (2016). Success in the management of crowdfunding projects in the creative industries. Internet Research, 26(1), 146-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-08-2014-0202
Hodent, C. (2021). Games are more complex to create than most people think. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from The british psychological society: https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/games-are-more-complex-create-most-people-think
Hoenig, D., and Henkel, J. (2015). Quality signals? The role of patents, alliances, and team experience in venture capital financing. Research Policy, 44(5), 1049-1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.11.011
Hof, R. (2017). Gründungsfinanzierung: Wirkung des Innovationsgrades auf das Signaling bei der Eigenkapitalfinanzierung. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16377-8
Hsieh, H-C. and Vu, T.H.C. (2021). The impact of economic policy uncertainty on crowdfunding success, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 75, 101418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2021.101418
Jáki, E., Csepy, G., and Kovács, N. (2022). Conceptual framework of the crowdfunding success factors – Review of the academic literature. Acta Oeconomica, 72(3), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.2022.00028
Jöckel, S. (2008). Videospiele als Erfahrungsgut: Der Einfluss von Online-Bewertungen auf den Erfolg von Videospielen. MedienWirtschaft. https://doi.org/10.15358/1613-0669-2008-S-59
Kaartemo, V. (2017). The elements of a successful crowdfunding campaign: A systematic literature review of crowdfunding performance. International Review of Entrepreneurship. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319392255_The_elements_of_a_successful_crowdfunding_campaign_A_systematic_literature_review_of_crowdfunding_performance
Kamoune, A., and Ibenrissoul, N. (2022). Traditional versus Behavioral Finance Theory. International Journal of Accounting, Finance, Auditing, Management and Economics, 3(2-1), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6392167
Keijser, R. (2012). Popularity of Indie Games. University of Gävle. http://hig.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?faces-redirect=true&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&af=%5B%5D&searchType=SIMPLE&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&query=&language=sv&pid=diva2%3A729367&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&sf=all&aqe=%5B%5D&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&dswid=8980
Keil, J. (2015). Crowdfunding als neue Finanzierungsmöglichkeit für Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken - Anforderungen und Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Fachhochschule Potsdam. https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fhpotsdam/frontdoor/index/index/docId/1020
Keller, D. (2013). Die Bedeutung von Robustheit, Retrieved June 06, 2024, from Statistik und Beratung: https://statistik-und-beratung.de/2013/10/was-bedeutet-robustheit-in-der-statisitk/
Kenwright, B. (2022). The Hard Truth about Soft Skills in Game Development. Cornell University. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.07875
Keynes, J. M. (1930). A treatise on money. London: Macmillan.
Kirchhoff, K.R. (2005). Grundlagen der Investor Relations. In: Kirchhoff, K.R., Piwinger, M. (eds) Praxishandbuch Investor Relations. Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-01454-6_2
Koch, J.-A., and Siering, M. (2019). The recipe of successful crowdfunding campaigns: An analysis of crowdfunding success factors and their interrelations. Electronic Markets, 29, 661-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-019-00357-8
Kontus, K. (2022). Video Game Insights Report: First half of 2022 on Steam. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from Game Developer: https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/video-game-insights-report-first-half-of-2022-on-steam
Kraus, S., Richter, C., Brem, A., Cheng, C.-F., and Chang, M.-L. (2016). Strategies for reward-based crowdfunding campaigns. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2016.01.010
Kreuzer, C. (2018). Was sind Stretch Goals? Retrieved January 29, 2024, from Insights Controller Institut: https://insights.controller-institut.at/was-sind-stretch-goals/
Kroeber-Riel, W., and Gröppel-Klein, A. (2019). Konsumentenverhalten. München: Vahlen. https://doi.org/10.15358/9783800660346
Kuppuswamy, V., and Bayus, B. L. (2013). Crowdfunding Creative Ideas: The Dynamics of Project Backers in Kickstarter. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2234765
Kuppuswamy, V., and Bayus, B. L. (2018). A review of crowdfunding research and findings. In P. N. Golder, & D. Mitra, Handbook of Research on New Product Development (pp. 361-373). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784718152.00028
Lambert, T., and Schwienbacher, A. (2010). An Empirical Analysis of Crowdfunding. Social Science Research Network.
Lardinois, F., Lynley, M., Mannes, J. (2017). Google is aquiring data science community Kaggle. Retrieved June 06, 2024, from Techcrunch: http://tcrn.ch/2mDMXro
Laskin, A. V. (2018). Investor Relations and Financial Communication: The Evolution of the Profession. In A. V. Laskin, The Handbook of Financial Communication and Investor Relations (pp. 1-22). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119240822.ch1
Lax, A. (2017). The Success Factors of Game Industry. University of Jyväskylä. https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/54385?show=full
Leamer, E. (1983). Let’s take the con out of econometrics. American Economic Review, 73, 31–43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1803924
Lehner, O. M. (2013). Crowdfunding social ventures: a model and research agenda. Venture Capital, 15(4), 289-311. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2102525
Lehtonen, M. J., Gustafsson, R., and Hassan, L. (2023). The multiplex of value creation and capture logics in the video game industry: An integrative review of 20 years of studies and a future research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122756
Lenart-Gansiniec, R., and Chen, J. (2021). Crowdfunding in the Public Sector: Theory and Best Practices. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77841-5
Lengel, R. H., and Daft, R. L. (1984). An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Media Richness and Managerial Information Processing. Department of Management Texas A&M University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235157580_An_Exploratory_Analysis_of_the_Relationship_between_Media_Richness_and_Managerial_Information_Processing
Li, H., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., and Hai, M. (2018). Empirical Analysis of Factors on Crowdfunding with Trust Theory. Procedia Computer Science, 139, 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.227
Li, Z., and Jarvenpaa, S. (2015). Motivating IT-Mediated Crowds: The Effect of Goal Setting on Project Performance in Online Crowdfunding. NET Institute Working Paper NO. 15-07, SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2672056
Lichtig, B. (2015). Crowdfunding Success: The Short Story - Analyzing the Mix of Crowdfunded Ventures Crowdfunded Venture. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304089474_Crowdfunding_Success_The_Short_Story_-_Analyzing_the_Mix_of_Crowdfunded_Ventures
Long, J. S., and Ervin, L. H. (2000). Using Heteroscedasticity Consistent Standard Errors in the Linear Regression Model. The American Statistician, 54(3), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.2307/2685594
Lu, X. and White, H. (2014). Robustness checks and robustness tests in applied economics. Journal of Econometrics, 178(Part 1), 194-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2013.08.016
Luber, S. and Litzel, N. (2020). Was ist Kaggle?, Retrieved June 06, 2024, from Big Data Insider: https://www.bigdata-insider.de/was-ist-kaggle-a-951812/
Lukkarinen, A., Teich, J., Wallenius, H., and Wallenius, J. (2016). Success Drivers of Online Equity Crowdfunding Campaigns. Decision Support Systems, 87, 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.04.006
Macht, S. A. (2014). Reaping Value-Added Benefits from Crowdfunders: What Can We Learn from Relationship Marketing? Wiley Online Library, 23(7-8), 439-460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.1988
Mai, M. (2014). Handbuch Innovationen. Interdisziplinäre Grundlagen und Anwendungsfelder. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02317-1
Manthorp, R. (2019). Kickstarter veterans on how to run a successful crowdfunding campaign. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from GamesIndustry: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/kickstarter-veterans-on-how-to-run-a-successful-crowdfunding-campaign
Marchand, A., and Henning-Thurau, T. (2013). Value Creation in the Video Game Industry: Industry Economics, Consumer Benefits, and Research Opportunities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(3), 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.05.001
Mason, C., and Rogers, A. (1997). The business angel’s investment decision. An exploratory analysis. In D. Deakins, P. Jennings, and C. Mason (Eds.), Entrepreneurship in the 1990s (pp. 29–46). London, UK: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Matej, S. (n.d). Case Study: Fundamental Mistakes in Email Communication That Impact Asana’s Upselling Efforts. Retrieved January 29, 2024, from insideBE: https://insidebe.com/articles/what-asana-is-doing-wrong/
Meyer, H., and Reher, H.-J. (2016). Projektmanagement: Von der Definition über die Projektplanung zum erfolgreichen Abschluss. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07569-9
Migicovsky, E. (2012). Foreword. In S. Steinberg, and R. DeMaria, The Crowdfunding Bible: How to Raise Money for Any Startup, Video Game or Project. ISBN: 1105726282.
Milgram, S., Bickman, L., and Berkowitz, L. (1969). Note on the drawing power of crowds of different size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(2), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028070
Miller, Z. (2019). 4 Reasons Crowdfunding Campaigns Fail And How To Avoid Them. Retrieved January 25, 2024, from The Balance: https://www.thebalancemoney.com/reasons-crowdfunding-campaigns-fail-985199
Mitterer, K. M., and Steiner, J. (2020). Learning by Gaming: Bedeutung von Videospielen für die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung. Universitätsbibliothek Graz. https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/content/titleinfo/5581216/full.pdf
Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.06.005
Mollick, E. R. (2013). Swept Away by the Crowd? Crowdfunding, Venture Capital, and the Selection of Entrepreneurs. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2239204
Moog, P. (2004). Humankapital des Gründers und Erfolg der Unternehmensgründung. Wiesbaden: Dt. Univ.-Verl. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81881-2
Moritz, A., and Block, J. H. (2014). Crowdfunding: A Literature Review and Research Directions. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2554444
Morris, C. (2010). As Video Game Development Costs Rise, So Do Risks. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/id/35932496
Mouillé, M. (n. d.) Kickstarter Projects: More than 300,000 kickstarter projects, Retrieved June 05, 2024, from Kaggle: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/kemical/kickstarter-projects
Muriel, D., and Crawford, G. (2018). Video Games as Culture: Considering the Role and Importance of Video Games in Contemporary Society (1st Edition ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315622743
Nerdinger, F. W., Blickle, G., and Schaper, N. (2019). Arbeits- und Organisations- psychologie. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56666-4
Neumayer, E., Plümper T. (2017). Robustness Tests for Quantitative Research. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108233590
Ordanini, A., Miceli, L., Pizzetti, M., and Parasuraman, A. (2011). Crowd-funding: Transforming customers into investors through innovative service platforms. Journal of Service Management, 22(4), 443-470. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231111155079
Orthwein, I. (2015). Crowdfunding: Grundlagen und Strategien für Kapitalsuchende und Geldgeber. Hamburg: Igel Verlag RWS. ISBN: 978-3954851027
Parjanen, S. (2012). Experiencing Creativity in the Organization: From Individual Creativity to Collective Creativity. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 7, 109-128. https://doi.org/10.28945/1580
Park, O.-C., and Hopkins, R. (1993). Instructional conditions for using dynamic visual displays: A review. Instructional Science, 21(6), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118557
Parker, L. (2011). The rise of the indie developer: Will the golden age last? Retrieved January 24, 2024, from Gamespot: https://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-rise-of-the-indie-developer/1100-6298425/
Paulus, P. B., Larey, T. S., and Dzindolet, M. T. (2001). Creativity in groups and teams. M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research, pp. 319-338. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805986
Payne, G. T., Moore, C. B., Griffis, S. E., and Autry, C. W. (2011). Multilevel Challenges and Opportunities in Social Capital Research. Journal of Management, 37(2), 491-520. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310372413
Phillips, R. L. (2005). Pricing and Revenue Optimization. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804781640
Pinkow, F., and Emmerich, P. (2021). Re-Examining Crowdfunding Success: How the Crowdfunding Goal Moderates the Relationship of Success Factors and Crowdfunding Performance. Central European Business Review, 10(3), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.263
Pinkow, F. (2023). Determinants of overfunding in reward-based crowdfunding. Electron Commerce Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-023-09681-w
Piva, E., and Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2017). Human capital signals and entrepreneurs’ success in equity crowdfunding. Small Business Economics, 51, 667-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9950-y
Raab, M., Schlauderer, S., Overhage, S., and Friedrich, T. (2020). More than a feeling: Investigating the contagious effect of facial emotional expressions on investment decisions in reward-based crowdfunding. Decision Support System, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2020.113326
Rao, H., Xu, A., Yang, X., and Fu, W.-T. (2014). Emerging Dynamics in Crowdfunding Campaigns. Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction. SBP 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8393, 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05579-4_41
Reik, S. (2016). Der strategische Einfluss von Informationen in Vertrauensgütermärkten: Eine spieltheoretische Analyse. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13392-4
Ribeiro-Navarrete, S., Palacios-Marques, D., Lassala, C., and Ulrich, K. (2021). Key factors of information management for crowdfunding investor satisfaction. International Journal of Information Management, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102354
Rynes, S. L., Bretz, R. D., and Gerhart, B. (1991). The importance of recruitment in job choice: A different way of looking. Personnel Psychology, 44(3), 487-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb02402.x
Ryu, S. (2020). Beauty of Crowdfunding: Blooming Creativity and Innovation in the Digital Era. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429243714
Schmalen, C., Kunert, M., and Weindlmaier, H. (2006). Erfolgsfaktorenforschung: Theoretische Grundlagen, methodische Vorgehensweise und Anwendungserfahrungen in Projekten für die Ernährungsindustrie. Schriften der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaues e.V, pp. 351-362. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.259272
Schnorrenberg, T. (2008). Investor Relations Management: Praxisleitfaden für erfolgreiche Finanzkommunikation. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-9738-8
Scholz, N. (2015). The Relevance of Crowdfunding: The Impact on the Innovation Process of Small Entrepreneurial Firms. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09837-7
Schwabe, G. (2001). Mediensynchronizität - Theorie und Anwendung bei Gruppenarbeit und Lernen. In: Hesse, F; Friedrich, H. Partizipation und Interaktion im virtuellen Seminar. München / Berlin: Waxmann, pp. 111-134. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-67760
Schwienbacher, A., and Larralde, B. (2012). Crowdfunding of small entrepreneurial ventures. In D. Cumming, The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance (pp. 369-391). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1699183
Scott, W. B., and Barden, J. (2022). Social Proof. (Routledge, Ed.) Psychology in the Real World. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367198459-REPRW112-1
Shane, S., and Stuart, T. (2002). Organizational Endowments and the Performance of University Start-ups. Management Science, 48(1), 154-170. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.154.14280
Shlyakhtovska, K. (2018). Human Capital Signals as Success Drivers of Equity-Based Crowdfunding Campaigns. Carl von Ossietzky Universität. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/stufo/cd-0847/master_thesis_shlyakhtovska_k.pdf
Shneor, R., and Vik, A. A. (2020). Crowdfunding success: a systematic literature review 2010–2017. Baltic Journal of Management, 15(2), 149-182. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-04-2019-0148
Sill, H. (2022). Signifikanzniveau. Retrieved March 07, 2024, from Scribbr: https://www.scribbr.de/statistik/signifikanzniveau/
Sixt, E. (2014). Schwarmökonomie und Crowdfunding. Wiesbaden: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02929-6
Smuts, A. (2005). Are Video Games Art? Contemporary Aesthetics, 3. https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/liberalarts_contempaesthetics/vol3/iss1/6/
Song, Y., Berger, R., Yosipof, A., and Barnes, B. R. (2019). Mining and investigating the factors influencing crowdfunding success. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119723
Spence, A. (1974). Competitive and optimal responses to signals: An analysis of efficiency and distribution. Journal of Economic Theory, 7(3), 296-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(74)90098-2
Steam Spy. (2023). Number of games released on Steam worldwide from 2004 to 2023 YTD [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 30, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/552623/number-games-released-steam/
Steinberg, S., and DeMaria, R. (2012). The Crowdfunding Bible: How to Raise Money for Any Startup, Video Game or Project. ISBN: 1105726282
Sterblich, U., Kreßner, T., Theil, A., and Bartelt, D. (2015). Das Crowdfunding-Handbuch: Ideen gemeinsam finanzieren. Freiburg: Orange Press. ISBN: 393608680X
Streuer, O. (2004). Grundlagen der Investor Relations. In: Handbuch Investor Relations. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90343-3_1
Strickler, Y., and Benenson, F. (2012). The Year of the Game. Retrieved January 25, 2024, from Kickstarter: https://www.kickstarter.com/blog/the-year-of-the-game
Sudek, R. (2006). Angel Investment Criteria. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 17(2), 89-104. https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jsbs/article/view/68
Sutton, R. (n.d). Who produces better ideas: individuals or teams? Retrieved January 29, 2024, from dlibrary.stanford: https://dlibrary.stanford.edu/questions/who-produces-better-ideas-individuals-or-teams
T.C. (2014). Why video games are so expensive to develop. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from The Economist: https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/09/24/why-video-games-are-so-expensive-to-develop
Talib, Y. A., and Saat, R. M. (2017). Social proof in social media shopping: An experimental design research. SHS Web of Conferences, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173402005
Tewes, G. (2008). Signalingstrategien im Stakeholdermanagement: Kommunikation und Wertschöpfung. Wiesbaden: Betriebswirtschaftlicher Verlag Dr. Th. Gabler / GWV Fachverlage GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-9719-7
Thiese, M. S., Ronna, B., and Ott, U. (2016). P value interpretations and considerations. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8(9), E928–E931. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.08.16
Tu, T., Anh, D. P., and Thu, T. (2018). Exploring Factors Influencing the Success of Crowdfunding Campaigns of Startups in Vietnam. Accounting and Finance Research, 7(2), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n2p19
Tyler, D. (2023). What Makes a Good Game so Much Fun? Retrieved January 30, 2024, from GameDesigning: https://www.gamedesigning.org/gaming/great-games/
Valentine, D. R. (2015). Online Marketing to Investors: How to Develop Effective Investor Relations. New York: Business Expert Press. ISBN: 9781631571404
Van der Zee, A. (2018). The determining factors of crowdfunding success. University of Twente. https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/76442
Varian, H. R. (1989). Price discrimination. Handbook of Industrial Organization, 1, 597-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01013-7
Vismara, S. (2016). Equity retention and social network theory in equity crowdfunding. Small Business Economics, 46, 579-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9710-4
Volpe, R. P., Kotel, J. E., and Chen, H. (2002). A Survey Of Investment Literacy Among Online Investors. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning. https://www.afcpe.org/news-and-publications/journal-of-financial-counseling-and-planning/volume-13-1/%EF%BB%BFa-survey-of-investment-literacy-among-online-investors/
Vulkan, N., Åstebro, T., Sierra, M.F. (2016). Equity crowdfunding: A new phenomena. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 5, 37-49, ISSN 2352-6734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2016.02.001
Wang, N., Li, Q., Liang, H., Ye, T., and Ge, S. (2018). Understanding the importance of interaction between creators a and backers in. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 27, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2017.12.004
Wasserstein, R. L., and Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. The American Statistician, 70(2), 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
Wasserstein, R. L., Schirm, A. L., and Lazar, N. A. (2019). Moving to a World Beyond “p < 0.05”. The American Statistician, 73(sup1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913
Wijman, T. (2022). The Games Market in 2022: The Year in Numbers. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from Newzoo: https://newzoo.com/resources/blog/the-games-market-in-2022-the-year-in-numbers
Wujarso, R., Saprudin, and Dameria, R. (2021). Human Capital Management as a Resource in Achieving Competitive Advantage. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, 4(2), 3052-3058. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.2023
Xiao, S., Tan, X., Dong, M., and Qi, J. (2014). How to Design Your Project in the Online Crowdfunding Market? Evidence from Kickstarter. International Conference on Interaction Sciences. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11899187
Xu, A., Yang, X., Rao, H., Fu, W.-T., Huang, S.-W., and Bailey, B. P. (2014). Show me the money! An analysis of project updates during crowdfunding campaigns. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, CHI ’14, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April–1 May, pp. 591-600. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557045
Zackariasson, P., and Wilson, T. (2012). The Video Game Industry: Formation, Present State and Future. London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/The-Video-Game-Industry-Formation-Present-State-and-Future/Zackariasson-Wilson/p/book/9781138803831
Zhu, M., Yang, Y., and Hsee, C. K. (2018). The Mere Urgency Effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(3), 673-690. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy008